increase in European patients with infections that are almost impossible to treat. European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (ECDC) said yesterday that in some countries to 50 percent of cases of blood poisoning caused by an error - K. pneumonia, a common cause of urinary and respiratory tract - were resistant to karbapenemam, the most powerful class of antibiotics. In Europe, the proportion of resistant karbapenemam K. pneumonia doubled from 7 percent to 15 percent. ECDC said that it is of particular concern because karbapenemy is the last line of antibiotics to treat drug-resistant infections. Marc Sprenger, Director, said the situation is critical. We must declare war against these bacteria. In 2009, resistant to karbapenemam K. pneumonia was established only in Greece, but by 2010 it extended to Italy, Austria, Cyprus and Hungary. The bacterium is present in the gastrointestinal tract and is transmitted through touch. Resistant strains of E. coli also increased in 2010. Between 25 and 50 percent of E. coli infection in Italy and Spain were resistant to fluoroquinolones in 2010, one of the most important antibiotics to treat bacteria. In the UK, 70 patients were found of NDM-1, containing bacteria, the enzyme that breaks down karbapenemy. Some studies have shown that over 80 percent of travelers returning from India to Europe by NDM genes in their intestines. Researchers talk about a nightmare scenario, if gene NDM-1 production is more widespread. Public Health Agency of UK doctors warned last month to give up drugs commonly used to treat the common sexually transmitted diseases, because it is not effective. Agency said that gonorrhea - which caused 17,000 infections in 2009 - should be treated with two drugs instead of one and warned about the real threat of untreatable gonorrhea in the future. Opening of new drugs to treat resistant superbakteriy was more complex and expensive business - they are taken only for short periods and business profits are low. The European Commission today launched a plan to expand research in the field of new antibiotics, for accelerated approval of promising new drugs and tools for development through the innovative medicines initiative, public-private collaboration with the pharmaceutical industry. An estimated 25,000 people die each year in the European Union of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Countries with the highest rates of persistent infections, such as Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria, and usually those with the highest use of antibiotics. World Health Organization scientists warned two years ago that excessive use of antibiotics risked returning the world to doantibioticheskuyu era in which the infection is treatable. Warnings were ignored. Professor Laura Piddock, president of the British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, said politicians and the public has been slow to assess the severity of the situation. The journal The Lancet, she writes: Antibiotics are not perceived as essential for health, in spite of these features save lives. Global action for development of new antibiotics is not necessary, she says. Ministry of Health has published guidance aimed at deterring excessive use of antibiotics in hospitals, avoiding long-term treatment and replace broad-spectrum strattera 25mg antibiotics with those targeted at specific infections. Professor Dame Sally Davies, the chief medical expert, said: Many antibiotics prescribed ... when they should be. Example: Holiday fever, which for two months to monitor in August 2010 Paolo, 55, professor at the University of Rome, was on vacation on the island Ponzi when he fell ill with fever and chills. He had a urinary tract infection and his brother-in-law, a doctor prescribed an antibiotic called ciprofloxacin is widely used. Three days later he was no better and more feverish, but continued the drug for a week. He returned to the mainland, where his urine was tested and found to be infected with a strain of Escherichia coli resistant to many antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin. He was prescribed another antibiotic, which he took for four weeks. It was better, but four days after cessation of treatment, his symptoms returned, and he became feverish again. Then he called one, a specialist in infectious diseases, which suggested that 1/3 antibiotic, which he took for 21 days. Two months after starting treatment that finally cured of his infection. .
Wednesday, February 22, 2012
Kenneth todor, ph.
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Kenneth Todor, Ph.D.
agent is a microorganism can cause disease in
plants, animals or insects. Pathogenicity is the ability of products
disease in the host. Microbes express their pathogenicity on
means th virulence, a term that refers to the degree of pathogenicity
microbe. Thus, virulence determinants
originator of any of its genetic and structural or biochemical
features that allow it to produce disease in the host. The relationship between host and pathogen is dynamic, because each
change activities and functions of the other. The result of such
relations depend on the virulence of the pathogen and relative >> << degree of stability or susceptibility of the host, mainly due to efficiency
mechanisms of immune protection. , Probably the most common pathogens
people can call to one third of all >> << bacterial diseases, ranging from boils and pimples on food poisoning, in
sepsis and toxic shock. Electronic microphotographs >> << s
with his permission. A. the ability to invade tissues. It includes mechanisms for
colonization (adherence and initial multiplication
),
Production of extracellular substances that facilitate the invasion
opportunity to circumvent or overcome many protective mechanisms.
2. is able to produce toxins. Bacteria can produce two types of toxins
called exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins released from bacterial cells and may act on tissues removed from the site
site of bacterial growth. Endotoxin is a cell-associated
matter. (In the classical sense, the term refers to the
lipopolysaccharides outer membrane component of gram-negative bacteria
). However, endotoxins can be released from the growing bacterial cells and cells
, lizuyutsya that as a result of effective protection of the body (such as lysozyme)
or of certain antibiotics (eg penicillins and cephalosporins
). Thus, bacterial toxins, both soluble and cell-bound, can be transported by
blood and lymph and cause cytotoxic cheap strattera effects on tissue areas remote from
starting point invasion or growth. Some bacterial toxins can also
act in place of colonization and play an important role in the invasion. Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
agent of tuberculosis (TB). Bacteria are small pink color rods.
More than one third of world population infected. The organism has caused more human deaths than any other bacteria in the
history. Despite its ability to produce disease
multifactorial, it is not completely understood. American Society of Microbiology
, with his permission. Kenneth Todor, Ph.D. All rights reserved. - WWW. textbookofbacteriology. Net >>. <<
Anaerobic exercises use resistance, so >>...
Aerobic and anaerobic words first
bacteriologists apply to bacteria. Aerobic bacteria in relation to the word
require free oxygen to live. Anaerobic word
on the bacteria can live and survive in the absence of oxygen or air
. Later, when the exercises become more
and popular, these words have been adopted to describe certain types of exercises >>. << Almost all familiar with "aerobics classes". Not
all familiar with non-aerobic and anaerobic exercise. When the set of aerobic exercise
cause you body uses oxygen to create energy. Oxygen is necessary for the breakdown of glucose. Glucose is the fuel needed for
create energy. However, the opposite applies to anaerobic exercise. In
anaerobic exercises the body creates energy without oxygen. This >> << mainly because demand for energy over the body, so it
find natural body chemicals to create it. Breathing properly while performing a very important
. Air enters the lungs and oxygen in the air is passed through
lining of the lungs. Oxygen is absorbed by the erythrocytes.
Erythrocytes enter the circulating blood, carrying oxygen
. Blood enters the heart and spreads throughout the body buy strattera
. Muscles use oxygen for the necessary energy, as
will be used to select waste (carbon dioxide). Carbon
dioxide (CO2), in turn, into the blood and returned to >> << easy to exhaled. The above explanation can be simplified
description. However, I assure you, it is very difficult
feat of nature. That is why it is important to know why and how you
workout. Your heart rate during training, you can determine whether
doing aerobic or anaerobic exercise. The maximum heart rate for men
220 less your age. For women it is 225 less your age. Purpose
bid for shall be 70% of your maximum speed. When heartbeat
, faster than the 70% you are doing aerobic exercise. As the exercise is performed determines
it aerobic or anaerobic. Any movement your body makes
requires the use of energy. You should not do aerobics to lose weight >> << or maintaining the desired weight. It was found that anaerobic >> << exercises burn more calories than aerobic exercise in a ratio of 5
to1 basis, and even as much as 7 to 1 ratio. Aerobic exercise burns
25% muscle and 75% fat, while anaerobic exercise burns 100%
fat. Aerobic classes, which may be dancing to the music
or step dancing (fast movement). Anaerobic exercises use resistance, so >> << You'll also build muscle and bone, as an additional advantage. Aerobic exercise
.
will have a greater impact on cardiovascular and circulatory system <<. Combining the two >> give the greatest benefit to health. << >>